Abstract: . . .  activities It is assumed that the location of the inventors of the (97,785) patents and the location of the (7,264) chemical R&D laboratories coincide with the location of the inventive activity. The data suggest that the US are comparatively more specialised in biotechnology innovations, and that some of the smaller European countries show greater specialisation in biotechnology compared to larger European countries. Figure 2.3 shows the sectoral break down of patents by subsectors. In 1987-1996 biotechnology patents were 17% of the total chemical patents. . . .
. . .  more interdisciplinary compared to other countries than the US patents in the other chemical sectors. For example, even in pharmaceuticals, which is the sector closest to biotechnology , the average number of IPC classes of the US patents is 1.2 vs 1.7 for Germany, 1.2 for France, and 1.5 for the UK. This suggests that the US biotechnology patents invented in Europe may indeed be more general. If so, this would indicate that US biotechnology research in Europe plays a beneficial role, as US assignees are more likely to perform interdisciplinary research . . .
. . .  emergence of a vibrant market for technology (see Arora, Fosfuri, and Gambardella, 2001; Arora, Gambardella, Pammolli, Riccaboni, 2001). The ability of firms to access and make efficient use of markets for technology and networks of collaborative relations has become a crucial source of competitiveness. As a consequence, in the last 25 years collaborations in biotechnology have increased dramatically, worldwide (Orsenigo, Pammolli, Riccaboni, 2001). Most DBFs exploit their basic competences and act primarily as research companies and specialised suppliers of high . . .
. . .  inventors, data show that the share of Delocalised biotechnology patents (DL) 10 over the total number of biotechnology patents in the 10 The address of the inventors listed in each patent was used to attribute its location to a given NUTS1 or NUTS2 European region. A patent is defined to be Colocalised (CL) if all the inventors are located in the same region. If at least one of them is located in a different region, the patent is classified as Delocalised (DL).  . . .
. . .  interdisciplinary research that tends to lead to more valuable inventions than European assignees (see Trajtenberg, 1990). As for geographical proximity of inventors, data show that the share of Delocalised biotechnology patents (DL) 10 over the total number of biotechnology patents in the 10 The address of the inventors listed in each patent was used to attribute its location to a given NUTS1 or NUTS2 European region. A patent is defined to be Colocalised (CL) if all the inventors are located in the same region. If at least one . . .
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